Blackbourne LH, Baer DG, Eastridge BJ, et al. Military medical revolution: prehospital combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73: S372–S377.

Kelly JF, Ritenhour AE, McLaughlin DF, et al. Injury severity and causes of death from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2003–2004 vs 2006. J Trauma. 2008;64(suppl 2):S21–S26.

Eastridge BJ, Mabry R, Seguin P, et al. Death on the battlefield (2001-2011): implications for the future of combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 73(6).

Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG, et al. Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. J Trauma. 2008; 64: S38–S50.

Kragh JF Jr, Swan KG, Smith DC, et al. Historical review of emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding. Am J Surg. 2012; 203:242–252.

Kauvar DS, Dubick MA, Walters TJ, Kragh JF Jr. Systematic review of prehospital tourniquet use in civilian limb trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018 May; 84(5):819-825.

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B-NR - Meta-analysis of multiple retrospective observational studies

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Kragh JF Jr, Swan KG, Smith DC, Mabry RL, Blackbourne LH. Historical review of emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding. Am J Surg. 2012 Feb; 203(2):242-52.

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Shackelford SA, et al. Optimizing the Use of Limb Tourniquets in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: TCCC Guidelines Change 14-02. J Spec Oper Med. 2015 Spring;15(1):17-31.

16Kragh JF Jr, Littrel ML, Jones JA, Walters TJ, Baer DG, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. Battle casualty survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop limb bleeding. J Emerg Med. 2011 Dec;41(6): 590-7.

Bennett BL. Bleeding Control Using Hemostatic Dressings: Lessons Learned. Wilderness Environ Med. 2017 Jun;28(2S): S39-S49.

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Douma MJ, O'Dochartaigh D, Brindley PG. Optimization of indirect pressure in order to temporize life-threatening haemorrhage: A simulation study. Injury. 2016 Sep;47(9):1903-7.

Charlton NP, et al. Control of Severe, Life-Threatening External Bleeding in the Out-of-Hospital Setting: A Systematic Review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021 Mar-Apr;25(2):235-267.

King DR, Larentzakis A, Ramly EP; Boston Trauma Collaborative. Tourniquet use at the Boston Marathon bombing: Lost in translation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78(3): 594–599.

Bulger EM, Snyder D, Schoelles K, et al. An evidence-based prehospital guideline for external hemorrhage control: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(2): 163-173.

Altamirano MP, Kragh JF Jr, Aden JK 3rd, Dubick MA. Role of the Windlass in Improvised Tourniquet Use on a Manikin Hemorrhage Model. J Spec Oper Med. 2015 Summer;15(2): 42-6.

Kragh JF Jr, Wallum TE, Aden JK 3rd, Dubick MA, Baer DG. Which Improvised Tourniquet Windlasses Work Well and Which Ones Won't? Wilderness Environ Med. 2015 Sep;26(3): 401-5.

Duignan KM, Lamb LC, DiFiori MM, Quinlavin J, Feeney JM. Tourniquet use in the prehospital setting: Are they being used appropriately? Am J Disaster Med. 2018;13(1):37-43.

Bennett BL. Bleeding Control Using Hemostatic Dressings: Lessons Learned. Wilderness Environ Med. 2017 Jun;28(2S): S39-S49.

Wright J.K. Kalns J. Wolf E.A. et al. Thermal injury resulting from application of a granular mineral hemostatic agent. J Trauma. 2004; 57: 224-230.

CoTCCC Recommended Devices & Adjuncts. Joint Trauma System. Available on Deployed Medicine at https://www.deployedmedicine.com/market/31/content/100; accessed 2 Mar 22.

Griffin JH. Role of surface in surface-dependent activation of Hageman factor (blood coagulation factor XII). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Apr;75(4):1998-2002.

Lechner R, Helm M, Mueller M, Wille T, Friemert B. Efficacy of Hemostatic Agents in Humans with Rotational Thromboelastometry: An in-vitro Study. Mil Med. 2016 Aug;181(8): 907-12.

Xie, H, et al. Comparison of Hemostatic Efficacy of ChitoGauze and Combat Gauze in a Lethal Femoral Arterial Injury in Swine Model. 2010. Available at https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA581794.pdf; accessed 2 Mar 2022.

Bennett BL, et al. Management of External Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: Chitosan-Based Hemostatic Gauze Dressings--TCCC Guidelines-Change 13-05. J Spec Oper Med. 2014 Fall;14(3): 40-57.

Liu H., Wang C., Li C., Qin Y., Wang Z., Yang F., Li Z., Wang J. A functional chitosan-based hydrogel as a wound dressing and drug delivery system in the treatment of wound healing. RSC Adv. 2018;8: 7533–7549.

Waibel KH, Haney B, Moore M, et al. Safety of allergic patients. Mil Med 2011; 176:1153–1156.

David M, Gogi N, Rao J, Selzer G. The art and rationale of applying a compression dressing. Br J Nurs. 2010 Feb 25-Mar 10;19(4):235-6.

Dory R, Cox D, Endler B. Test and Evaluation of Compression Bandages. Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio. NAMRU-SA REPORT #2014-52. Available at https://persysmedical.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NAMRU-SA-Compression-Bandages-TR.pdf; accessed 2 Mar 2022.

Shipman N, Lessard CS. Pressure applied by the emergency/Israeli bandage. Mil Med. 2009 Jan;174(1):86-92.

Kotwal RS, et al. Management of Junctional Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: TCCC Guidelines Proposed Change 13-03. J Spec Oper Med. 2013 Winter;13(4): 85-93.

van Oostendorp, S.E., Tan, E.C.T.H. & Geeraedts, L.M.G. Prehospital Control of Life-threatening Truncal and Junctional Hemorrhage is the Ultimate Challenge in Optimizing Trauma Aare; A Review of Treatment Options and Their Applicability in the Civilian Trauma Setting. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 24, 110 (2016).

Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines, 15 December 2021, Basic Management Plan for Tactical Field Care para 3.b. https://deployedmedicine.com/market/31/content/40, accessed 2 Mar 22.

Eastridge BJ, Mabry RL, Seguin P, Cantrell J, Tops T, Uribe P, Mallett O, Zubko T, Oetjen-Gerdes L, Rasmussen TE, Butler FK, Kotwal RS, Holcomb JB, Wade C, Champion H, Lawnick M, Moores L, Blackbourne LH. Death on the battlefield (2001-2011): implications for the future of combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Dec;73(6 Suppl 5): S431-7.

Schauer SG, April MD, Fisher AD, Cunningham CW, Gurney J. Junctional Tourniquet Use During Combat Operations in Afghanistan: The Prehospital Trauma Registry Experience. J Spec Oper Med. 2018 Summer;18(2): 71-74.

Oh JS, Tubb CC, Poepping TP, Ryan P, Clasper JC, Katschke AR, Tuman C, Murray MJ. Dismounted Blast Injuries in Patients Treated at a Role 3 Military Hospital in Afghanistan: Patterns of Injury and Mortality. Mil Med. 2016 Sep;181(9):1069-74.

Douma MJ, Picard C, O'Dochartaigh D, Brindley PG. Proximal External Aortic Compression for Life-Threatening Abdominal-Pelvic and Junctional Hemorrhage: An Ultrasonographic Study in Adult Volunteers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019 Jul-Aug;23(4):538-542.

van Oostendorp, S.E., Tan, E.C.T.H. & Geeraedts, L.M.G. Prehospital Control of Life-threatening Truncal and Junctional Hemorrhage is the Ultimate Challenge in Optimizing Trauma Aare; A Review of Treatment Options and Their Applicability in the Civilian Trauma Setting. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 24, 110 (2016).

Combat Ready Clamp Junctional Tourniquet FDA Approval, available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf10/K102025.pdf; accessed 5 Mar 22.

Kotwal RS, Butler FK, Gross KR, Kheirabadi BS, Baer DG, Dubick MA, Rasmussen TE, Weber MA, Bailey JA. Management of Junctional Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: TCCC Guidelines? Proposed Change 13-03. J Spec Oper Med. 2013 Winter;13(4): 85-93.

Mann-Salinas EA, Kragh JF Jr, Dubick MA, Baer DG, Blackbourne LH. Assessment of users to control simulated junctional hemorrhage with the combat ready clamp (CRoC™). Int J Burns Trauma. 2013;3(1): 49-54.

Kerr W, Hubbard B, Anderson B, Montgomery HR, Glassberg E, King DR, Hardin RD Jr, Knight RM, Cunningham CW. Improvised Inguinal Junctional Tourniquets: Recommendations From the Special Operations Combat Medical Skills Sustainment Course. J Spec Oper Med. 2019 Summer;19(2): 128-133.

Eastridge BJ, Mabry RL, Seguin P, Cantrell J, Tops T, Uribe P, Mallett O, Zubko T, Oetjen-Gerdes L, Rasmussen TE, Butler FK, Kotwal RS, Holcomb JB, Wade C, Champion H, Lawnick M, Moores L, Blackbourne LH. Death on the battlefield (2001-2011): implications for the future of combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Dec;73(6 Suppl 5): S431-7.

Simpson C, Tucker H, Hudson A. Pre-hospital management of penetrating neck injuries: a scoping review of current evidence and guidance. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021 Sep 16;29(1):137.

Abdominal Aortic and Junctional Tourniquet FDA Approval Product Sheet, available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf13/k133029.pdf; accessed on 5 Mar 22.

Croushorn J, Thomas G, McCord SR. Abdominal aortic tourniquet controls junctional hemorrhage from a gunshot wound of the axilla. J Spec Oper Med. 2013 Fall;13(3):1-4.

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Sims K. Management of junctional hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: use of non-absorbable, expandable, hemostatic sponge for temporary internal use. CoTCCC presentation; August 2015.

Sims K, Montgomery HR, Dituro P, Kheirabadi BS, Butler FK. Management of External Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: The Adjunctive Use of XStat™ Compressed Hemostatic Sponges: TCCC Guidelines Change 15-03. J Spec Oper Med. 2016 Spring;16(1): 19-28.

Mueller G, Pineda T, Xie H, et al. A novel sponge-based wound stasis dressing to treat lethal noncompressible hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73: S134–139.

Cestero RF, Song BK. The effect of hemostatic dressings in a subclavian artery and vein transection porcine model. Technical Report 2013=012. San Antonio, TX; Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio; 2013.

https://www.jems.com/news/industry-news-news/revmedx-announces-first-field-use-of-xstat/; accessed on 5 Mar 22.

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3609169/Wound-plugging-XStat-syringe-saves-life-battlefield-Device-uses-SPONGES-stop-bleeding-15-seconds.html; accessed on 5 Mar 22.

Cunningham AJ, McBride L, Zhao H, et al. Comparison of the effects of three hemostatic agents in a swine model of lethal femoral artery injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78(2):346-354.

C-LD - Lab evaluation observational study with limitations - This study compared the efficacy of three hemostatic agents, including XStat, in controlling bleeding from a femoral artery injury in a swine model. It found that XStat was effective in achieving hemostasis and reducing blood loss, supporting its use in severe arterial bleeding.

Cox JM, Rall JM. Evaluation of XSTAT® and QuickClot® Combat Gauze® in a Swine Model of Lethal Junctional Hemorrhage in Coagulopathic Swine. J Spec Oper Med. 2017 Fall;17(3):64-67.

C-LD - Lab evaluation observational study with limitations – The study compared the efficacy of XStat and combat gauze on 19 swine models. XStat achieved hemostasis faster and maintained longer than combat gauze.

Sims K, Montgomery HR, Dituro P, Kheirabadi BS, Butler FK. Management of External Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: The Adjunctive Use of XStat™ Compressed Hemostatic Sponges: TCCC Guidelines Change 15-03. J Spec Oper Med. 2016 Spring;16(1):19-28.

C-EO - Clinical consensus, Expert Opinion & Discussion – TCCC change to include XStat as a CoTCCC-recommended hemostatic adjunct.

Cestero RF, Song BK. The effect of hemostatic dressings in a subclavian artery and vein transection porcine model. Technical Report 2013=012. San Antonio, TX; Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio; 2013.

Kragh JF, Aden JK. Gauze vs XStat in wound packing for hemorrhage control. Am J Emerg Med. 2015: 974–976.

Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines, 15 November 2021, Basic Management Plan for Tactical Field Care para 3.b. https://deployedmedicine.com/market/31/content/40, accessed 5 Mar 22.

Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines, 5 November 2020, Basic Management Plan for Tactical Field Care para 3.b. https://deployedmedicine.com/market/31/content/40, accessed 5 Mar 22.

Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines, 5 November 2020, Basic Management Plan for Tactical Field Care para 3.c. https://deployedmedicine.com/market/31/content/40, accessed 5 Mar 22.

Owens BD, JF Kragh Jr, JC Wenke, J Macaitis, CE Wade, JB Holcomb. Combat wounds in operation Iraqi Freedom and operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma. 2008;64(2):295–299.

Phrampus PE, L Walker. Danger zone. The prehospital assessment & treatment of blunt & penetrating neck trauma. JEMS. 2002; 27(11): 26–38.

Tisherman SA, F Bokhari, B Collier, J Cumming, J Ebert, M Holevar, et al. Clinical practice guideline: penetrating zone II neck trauma. J Trauma. 2008;64(5):1392–1405.

Onifer DJ, McKee JL, Faudree LK, Bennett BL, Miles EA, Jacobsen T, Morey JK, Butler FK Jr. Management of Hemorrhage From Craniomaxillofacial Injuries and Penetrating Neck Injury in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: iTClamp Mechanical Wound Closure Device TCCC Guidelines Proposed Change 19-04 06 June 2019. J Spec Oper Med. 2019 Fall;19(3):31-44.

Tan EC, JH Peters, JL McKee, MJ Edwards. The iTClamp in the management of prehospital haemorrhage. Injury. 2016;47(5): 1012–1015.

Shaw GLT. A service evaluation of the iTClamp50 in pre-hospital external haemorrhage control. Br Paramedic J. 2016;1(2): 30–34.

McKee JL, Kirkpatrick AW, Bennett BL, Jenkins DA, Logsetty S, Holcomb JB. Worldwide Case Reports Using the iTClamp for External Hemorrhage Control. J Spec Oper Med. 2018 Fall;18(3):39-44.

Onifer DJ, McKee JL, Faudree LK, Bennett BL, Miles EA, Jacobsen T, Morey JK, Butler FK Jr. Management of Hemorrhage From Craniomaxillofacial Injuries and Penetrating Neck Injury in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: iTClamp Mechanical Wound Closure Device TCCC Guidelines Proposed Change 19-04 06 June 2019. J Spec Oper Med. 2019 Fall;19(3):31-44.

St John AE, X Wang, EB Lim, D Chien, SA Stern, NJ White. Effects of rapid wound sealing on survival and blood loss in a swine model of lethal junctional arterial hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79(2): 256–262.

Tricoci P, Allen JM, Kramer JM, Califf RM, Smith Jr SC. Scientific Evidence Underlying the ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guidelines. American Medical Association. 2009 Feb; Vol 301, No. 8.

Halparin, JL. Further Evolution of the ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation Classification System. American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. 2016 Apr; 133:1426-1428.

Evidence Based References:

Altamirano MP, Kragh JF Jr, Aden JK 3rd, Dubick MA. Role of the Windlass in Improvised Tourniquet Use on a Manikin Hemorrhage Model. J Spec Oper Med. 2015 Summer;15(2): 42-6.

C-LD

Bennett BL, et al. Management of External Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: Chitosan-Based Hemostatic Gauze Dressings--TCCC Guidelines-Change 13-05. J Spec Oper Med. 2014 Fall;14(3): 40-57.

C-LD

Bennett BL. Bleeding Control Using Hemostatic Dressings: Lessons Learned. Wilderness Environ Med. 2017 Jun;28(2S): S39-S49.

C-LD

Bennett BL. Bleeding Control Using Hemostatic Dressings: Lessons Learned. Wilderness Environ Med. 2017 Jun;28(2S): S39-S49.

C-LD

Blackbourne LH, Baer DG, Eastridge BJ, et al. Military medical revolution: prehospital combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73: S372–S377.

C-EO

Bulger EM, Snyder D, Schoelles K, et al. An evidence-based prehospital guideline for external hemorrhage control: American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(2): 163-173. C-LD

Butler FK Jr, Hagmann J, Butler EG. Tactical combat casualty care in special operations. Mil Med. 1996 Aug;161 Suppl:3-16.

C-EO

Cestero RF, Song BK. The effect of hemostatic dressings in a subclavian artery and vein transection porcine model. Technical Report 2013=012. San Antonio, TX; Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio; 2013.

C-LD

Charlton NP, et al. Control of Severe, Life-Threatening External Bleeding in the Out-of-Hospital Setting: A Systematic Review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021 Mar-Apr;25(2):235-267.

B-NR

Croushorn J, Thomas G, McCord SR. Abdominal aortic tourniquet controls junctional hemorrhage from a gunshot wound of the axilla. J Spec Oper Med. 2013 Fall;13(3):1-4.

C-LD

David M, Gogi N, Rao J, Selzer G. The art and rationale of applying a compression dressing. Br J Nurs. 2010 Feb 25-Mar 10;19(4):235-6.

C-EO

Dory R, Cox D, Endler B. Test and Evaluation of Compression Bandages. Naval Medical Research Unit San Antonio. NAMRU-SA REPORT #2014-52. Available at https://persysmedical.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NAMRU-SA-Compression-Bandages-TR.pdf; accessed 2 Mar 2022.

C-LD

Douma MJ, O'Dochartaigh D, Brindley PG. Optimization of indirect pressure in order to temporize life-threatening haemorrhage: A simulation study. Injury. 2016 Sep;47(9):1903-7.

C-LD

Douma MJ, Picard C, O'Dochartaigh D, Brindley PG. Proximal External Aortic Compression for Life-Threatening Abdominal-Pelvic and Junctional Hemorrhage: An Ultrasonographic Study in Adult Volunteers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019 Jul-Aug;23(4):538-542.

C-LD

Duignan KM, Lamb LC, DiFiori MM, Quinlavin J, Feeney JM. Tourniquet use in the prehospital setting: Are they being used appropriately? Am J Disaster Med. 2018;13(1):37-43.

B-NR

Eastridge BJ, Mabry R, Seguin P, et al. Death on the battlefield (2001-2011): implications for the future of combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 73(6).

B-NR

Eastridge BJ, Mabry RL, Seguin P, Cantrell J, Tops T, Uribe P, Mallett O, Zubko T, Oetjen-Gerdes L, Rasmussen TE, Butler FK, Kotwal RS, Holcomb JB, Wade C, Champion H, Lawnick M, Moores L, Blackbourne LH. Death on the battlefield (2001-2011): implications for the future of combat casualty care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Dec;73(6 Suppl 5): S431-7.

B-NR

Griffin JH. Role of surface in surface-dependent activation of Hageman factor (blood coagulation factor XII). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Apr;75(4):1998-2002.

C-LD

Kauvar DS, Dubick MA, Walters TJ, Kragh JF Jr. Systematic review of prehospital tourniquet use in civilian limb trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018 May; 84(5):819-825 B-NR

Kelly JF, Ritenhour AE, McLaughlin DF, et al. Injury severity and causes of death from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2003–2004 vs 2006. J Trauma. 2008;64(suppl 2):S21–S26. C-LD

Kerr W, Hubbard B, Anderson B, Montgomery HR, Glassberg E, King DR, Hardin RD Jr, Knight RM, Cunningham CW. Improvised Inguinal Junctional Tourniquets: Recommendations From the Special Operations Combat Medical Skills Sustainment Course. J Spec Oper Med. 2019 Summer;19(2): 128-133. C-EO

King DR, Larentzakis A, Ramly EP; Boston Trauma Collaborative. Tourniquet use at the Boston Marathon bombing: Lost in translation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78(3): 594–599. B-NR

Kotwal RS, et al. Management of Junctional Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: TCCC Guidelines Proposed Change 13-03. J Spec Oper Med. 2013 Winter;13(4): 85-93. C-LD

Kragh JF Jr, Littrel ML, Jones JA, Walters TJ, Baer DG, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. Battle casualty survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop limb bleeding. J Emerg Med. 2011 Dec;41(6): 590-7. B-NR

Kragh JF Jr, Murphy C, Dubick MA, Baer DG, Johnson J, Blackbourne LH. New tourniquet device concepts for battlefield hemorrhage control. US Army Med Dep J. 2011 Apr-Jun: 38-48. C-LD

Kragh JF Jr, Swan KG, Smith DC, et al. Historical review of emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding. Am J Surg. 2012; 203:242–252 B-NR

Kragh JF Jr, Wallum TE, Aden JK 3rd, Dubick MA, Baer DG. Which Improvised Tourniquet Windlasses Work Well and Which Ones Won't? Wilderness Environ Med. 2015 Sep;26(3): 401-5. C-LD

Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG, et al. Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. J Trauma. 2008; 64: S38–S50 B-NR

Kragh JF, Aden JK. Gauze vs XStat in wound packing for hemorrhage control. Am J Emerg Med. 2015: 974–976. C-LD

Lechner R, Helm M, Mueller M, Wille T, Friemert B. Efficacy of Hemostatic Agents in Humans with Rotational Thromboelastometry: An in-vitro Study. Mil Med. 2016 Aug;181(8): 907-12. C-LD

Liu H., Wang C., Li C., Qin Y., Wang Z., Yang F., Li Z., Wang J. A functional chitosan-based hydrogel as a wound dressing and drug delivery system in the treatment of wound healing. RSC Adv. 2018;8: 7533–7549. C-LD

Lyles WE 3rd, Kragh JF Jr, Aden JK 3rd, Dubick MA. Testing Tourniquet Use in a Manikin Model: Two Improvised Techniques. J Spec Oper Med. 2015 Winter;15(4): 21-6. C-LD

Mann-Salinas EA, Kragh JF Jr, Dubick MA, Baer DG, Blackbourne LH. Assessment of users to control simulated junctional hemorrhage with the combat ready clamp (CRoC™). Int J Burns Trauma. 2013;3(1): 49-54. C-LD

McKee JL, Kirkpatrick AW, Bennett BL, Jenkins DA, Logsetty S, Holcomb JB. Worldwide Case Reports Using the iTClamp for External Hemorrhage Control. J Spec Oper Med. 2018 Fall;18(3):39-44. B-NR

Mueller G, Pineda T, Xie H, et al. A novel sponge-based wound stasis dressing to treat lethal noncompressible hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73: S134–139. C-LD

Oh JS, Tubb CC, Poepping TP, Ryan P, Clasper JC, Katschke AR, Tuman C, Murray MJ. Dismounted Blast Injuries in Patients Treated at a Role 3 Military Hospital in Afghanistan: Patterns of Injury and Mortality. Mil Med. 2016 Sep;181(9):1069-74. B-NR

Onifer DJ, McKee JL, Faudree LK, Bennett BL, Miles EA, Jacobsen T, Morey JK, Butler FK Jr. Management of Hemorrhage From Craniomaxillofacial Injuries and Penetrating Neck Injury in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: iTClamp Mechanical Wound Closure Device TCCC Guidelines Proposed Change 19-04 06 June 2019. J Spec Oper Med. 2019 Fall;19(3):31-44. C-LD

Owens BD, JF Kragh Jr, JC Wenke, J Macaitis, CE Wade, JB Holcomb. Combat wounds in operation Iraqi Freedom and operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma. 2008;64(2):295–299. B-NR

Peng HT. Hemostatic agents for prehospital hemorrhage control: a narrative review. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):13. Published 2020 Mar 25 B-NR

Phrampus PE, L Walker. Danger zone. The prehospital assessment & treatment of blunt & penetrating neck trauma. JEMS. 2002; 27(11): 26–38. C-EO

Schauer SG, April MD, Fisher AD, Cunningham CW, Gurney J. Junctional Tourniquet Use During Combat Operations in Afghanistan: The Prehospital Trauma Registry Experience. J Spec Oper Med. 2018 Summer;18(2): 71-74. C-LD

Shackelford SA, et al. Optimizing the Use of Limb Tourniquets in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: TCCC Guidelines Change 14-02. J Spec Oper Med. 2015 Spring;15(1):17-31. B-NR

Shaw GLT. A service evaluation of the iTClamp50 in pre-hospital external haemorrhage control. Br Paramedic J. 2016;1(2): 30–34. B-NR

Shipman N, Lessard CS. Pressure applied by the emergency/Israeli bandage. Mil Med. 2009 Jan;174(1):86-92. C-LD

Simpson C, Tucker H, Hudson A. Pre-hospital management of penetrating neck injuries: a scoping review of current evidence and guidance. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021 Sep 16;29(1):137. C-EO

Sims K, Montgomery HR, Dituro P, Kheirabadi BS, Butler FK. Management of External Hemorrhage in Tactical Combat Casualty Care: The Adjunctive Use of XStat™ Compressed Hemostatic Sponges: TCCC Guidelines Change 15-03. J Spec Oper Med. 2016 Spring;16(1): 19-28. C-LD

St John AE, X Wang, EB Lim, D Chien, SA Stern, NJ White. Effects of rapid wound sealing on survival and blood loss in a swine model of lethal junctional arterial hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79(2): 256–262. C-LD

Stewart, SK, Et al. Improvised tourniquets. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. January 2015: Volume 78 (Issue 1): 178-183. C-LD

Tan EC, JH Peters, JL McKee, MJ Edwards. The iTClamp in the management of prehospital haemorrhage. Injury. 2016;47(5): 1012–1015. B-NR

Tisherman SA, F Bokhari, B Collier, J Cumming, J Ebert, M Holevar, et al. Clinical practice guideline: penetrating zone II neck trauma. J Trauma. 2008;64(5):1392–1405. C-EO

van Oostendorp, S.E., Tan, E.C.T.H. & Geeraedts, L.M.G. Prehospital Control of Life-threatening Truncal and Junctional Hemorrhage is the Ultimate Challenge in Optimizing Trauma Aare; A Review of Treatment Options and Their Applicability in the Civilian Trauma Setting. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 24, 110 (2016). C-LD

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