Assessment of pain in dogs is difficult. Dogs are generally very stoic and often hide or fail to show outward signs of pain. HCPs should err on side of providing analgesia – if performed properly, it is safe and effective, and analgesia is critically important for safe handling and alleviation of pain.

Caution: Do NOT use acetaminophen or ibuprofen in MWDs, as these drugs can cause liver toxicity. AVOID use of NSAIDs such as naproxen, meloxicam, and aspirin in emergently ill or injured MWDs.