Most commonly presents in individuals conducting sustained strenuous surface swimming in cold water (e.g., Marine combat swimmers, special operators, scuba divers, and triathletes).26,27  Studies have shown a variable incidence of SIPE among different populations. Symptom severity can range from full recovery within 24 hours to death.28-33  While severe outcomes are possible, most otherwise healthy individuals will recover within 24-48 hours. Recurrence of SIPE is not uncommon.34

RISK FACTORS

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

During or immediately after exertional water immersion/swimming:

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Incompletely understood and thought to be due to:

Management: