References

1. Armentano RA, Schaer M. Antitoxins and Antivenoms. In: Silverstein DC and, Hopper K, eds. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. St. Louis: Saunders/Elsevier, 2023.
2. Gilliam LL, Brunker J. North American Snake Envenomation in the Dog and Cat. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 2011:41;1239-1259.
3. Katzenbach JE, Foy DS. Retrospective evaluation of the effect of antivenom administration on hospitalization duration and treatment cost for dogs envenomated by Crotalus viridis: 113 dogs (2004-2012). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2015:25;655-659.
4. Peterson ME, Matz M, Seibold K, Plunkett S, Fitzgerald K. A randomized multicenter trial of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab antivenom for the treatment of rattlesnake envenomation in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2011:21;335-345.
5. Woods C, Young D. Clinical safety evaluation of F(ab’)2 antivenom (Crotalus durissus-Bothrops asper) administration in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2011:21;565-569.
6. Lund HS, Kristiansen V, Eggertsdottir AV, et al. Adverse reactions to equine-derived F(ab’)2-antivenin in 54 dogs envenomated by Vipera bersus bersus. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2013:223;532-537.
7. Fujizuka K, Nakamura M, Tamura J, Kawai-Kowase K. Comparison of the efficacy of continuous intravenous infusion versus intramuscular injection of epinephrine for initial anaphylaxis treatment. Acute Med Surg. 2022 Oct 20;9 (1):e790.
8. Mink SN, Bands C, Becker A, et al. Effect of bolus epinephrine on systemic hemodynamics in canine anaphylactic shock. Cardiovasc Res. 1998 Dec;40(3):546-56.
9. Schaer M. Overview and controversies in the medical management of pit viper envenomation in the dog. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2011:21;461-470.
10. Peterson ME. Snake bite: pit vipers. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2006;21(4):174-182.
11. Southern CJ, Allen-Durrance AE, Schaer M. Pit viper envenomation in pediatric dogs: 5 cases. Clin Case Rep. 2021 Nov 12;9(11):e05065.
12. Lee BM, Zersen KM, Schissler JR, Sullivan LA. Antivenin-associated serum sickness in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2019;29(5):558-563.